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New Orleans (steamboat)
The ''New Orleans'' was the first steamboat on the western waters of the United States. Owned by Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston, and built by Nicholas Roosevelt, its 1811–1812 voyage from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to New Orleans, Louisiana on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers ushered in the era of commercial steamboat navigation on the western and mid-western continental rivers.
==Background==
The ''"New Orleans"'' was part of a business venture among Robert Fulton (1765–1815), Robert R. Livingston (1746–1813), and Nicholas Roosevelt (1767–1854) to build and operate steamboats on America's western waters, including the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. After Fulton and Livingston obtained U.S. industrial patents for their "steamboat" design, they hoped to increase their profits from the exclusive rights granted by the state governments of New York State and Louisiana to steam navigation on the Hudson and Mississippi Rivers.〔Kohn, p. 4.〕 Fulton had already successfully commercialized the use of the steamboat on the Hudson River above New York City with his ''"Clermont"'' in 1807. In addition, he had become familiar with the Ohio River while visiting Pittsburgh in 1786. Livingston, who became Fulton's partner, was a wealthy New York politician and inventor who helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase while minister to France from 1800 to 1804; it was during this time that the two met. Both men realized the great potential for steamboat traffic on the western waters, and within twelve days of the completion of the ''"Clermont"s first voyage, they began to plan for the introduction of a steamboat on the western rivers.〔 Fulton and Livingston consulted with Nicholas Roosevelt, an expert on steamboats and an inventor of the side-wheel method of steamboat propulsion, an innovation crucial for achieving practical traveling speeds. At the time, Roosevelt manufactured copper and steam engines at the Soho Works on the Passaic River at Belleville, New Jersey, one of the best metal foundries in the nation. Roosevelt had worked on a stern-wheel steamboat for Livingston from 1798 to 1800, but stopped when he lost his government contracts for supplying copper for warships.〔 In 1798 Roosevelt tried unsuccessfully to convince Livingston to use side-wheels in his designs, but Livingston insisted on a stern-wheel. However, after exhausting other options, Fulton and Livingston eventually used side-wheels on the ''"Clermont"''.〔 The two men were also in Roosevelt's debt for originally training and employing many of Fulton's highly skilled workmen.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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